Galleons ap world history definition
AP World Chapter 19
Term
Definition
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
monarchs of Christian kingdoms; their marriage created the kingdom of Spain; initiated exploration of the New World.
Hispaniola
first island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; first settled by Columbus on his second voyage.
encomienda
grant of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies.
encomendero
the holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay tribute or provide labor; responsible for their integration into the church.
Bartolomé de las Casas
Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of Native American population, opposed forced labor, and advocated Indian rights.
Hernán Cortés
led expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec empire and established Spanish colonial rule.
Moctezuma II
last independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortés’s conquest.
Mexico City
capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Tenochtitlan.
New Spain
Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system.
Francisco Vácquez de Coronado
led S
key term - Sailing vessel
Definition
A sailing vessel is a type of watercraft that uses sails to harness the wind for propulsion, allowing it to navigate oceans, seas, and rivers. These vessels played a critical role in maritime exploration, trade, and naval power from the 15th to the 18th centuries, contributing to significant technological advancements and the expansion of global trade networks during this period.
5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test
Sailing vessels were instrumental in the Age of Exploration, allowing European powers to travel to new lands and establish trade routes across the globe.
Advancements in sail design, such as the lateen sail, enhanced the ability of sailing vessels to navigate against the wind and improve overall speed and efficiency.
The introduction of navigational tools like the compass and astrolabe improved sailors' ability to chart courses and navigate vast oceans using sailing vessels.
Sailing vessels facilitated the establishment of maritime empires by enabling countries like Spain and Portugal to project their power overseas through exploration and colonization.
The transition from oar-powered galleys to sailing vessels mar
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Unit 6
E-Cigarette
Established in 2003 C.E.
Description
The electronic cigarette, or personal vaporizer, or the electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) is a battery powered vaporizer intended to give a feel similar to tobacco smoking. The user would inhale aerosol (known as vapour), and the e-cigarette would have heating elements with liquid solution called e-liquid which commonly contains chemicals of propylene glycol, glycerine, and nicotine. In 1963, Herbert A. Gilbert patented a design of smokeless, non-tobacco cigarette in favour of heated, moist, and flavoured air. This patent was granted in 1965, however was never commercialized. Over in China, a Chinese pharmacist named Hon Link patented the modern electronic cigarette in 2003, with the idea of vaporizing pressurized jet of liquid with nicotine, after quitting normal cigarettes. This idea was marketed as a smoking cessation and a replacement aid, and was spread around the world by the internet by small marketing firms. The e-cigarette made its way to the United
AP World History
Term
Definition
Significance
Time Period
Chapter
Region
Astrolabe
Navigational instrument for determining latitude. Developed by Chinese and diffused into Indian Ocean Basin by 11th century.
European saliors ability to determine latitude enabled them to assemble data about the earth's geography and find their way around the world's ocean with accuracy.
1486
23
Mediterranean
"Wind Wheels"
Prevailing wind patterns in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans north and south of the equator; their discovery made sailing much safer and quicker.
After mariners understood the wind patterns, they were able to take advantag and sail to almost any part of the world.
1500-1800
23
Indian Ocean basin
Volta do Mar
"Return through the sea," a fifteenth-century Portuguese sea route that took advantage of the prevailing winds and currents from the Canaries to Portugal
Enabled European mariners to travel reliably to coastlines throughout the world.
1500-1800
23
Canaries to Portugal
Square sails vs Triangle sails
Square sails enabled them to take advantage of a following wind (a wind from behind) but did not work well in criss